The 2021 agricultural output, measured in financial value, was highest in the U.S. at $531 million, followed by Russia's $512 million, Spain's $405 million, and Mexico's $332 million, according to the 2021 FAO figures.
Globally, fire blight, a destructive plant disease caused by Erwinia amylovora, inflicts substantial economic damage. Initially, fire blight was observed affecting apples, pears, and Chinese quince in Korea (Park et al., 2016; Myung et al., 2016a, 2016b). Subsequent investigations revealed new susceptible hosts, including apricots (Lee et al., 2021) and mountain ash (Lim et al., 2023). this website The trend in these reports points towards a probable dissemination of fire blight to new hosts throughout Korea. During the nationwide survey in June 2021, we observed typical symptoms of blossom blight and shoot blight on a Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) just near an orchard (3709'217N, 12735'026E) in Icheon, Gyeonggi Province, where fire blight of Asian pear occurred. Leaves and shoots exhibiting blight symptoms were surface-sterilized in 70% alcohol for 30 seconds, homogenized in 500 µL of 10 mM MgCl2, and then incubated at 28°C for 24 hours on tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium (BD Difco, USA) to recover bacterial isolates, thereby identifying their causal agent. For cultivating pure cultures of white to mucoid colonies, mannitol glutamate yeast extract (MGY) medium was utilized, a medium semi-selectively optimized for E. amylovora as described by Shrestha et al, (2003). Colony PCR, using amsB primers as described by Bereswill et al. (1995), yielded a 15-kb amplicon from two isolates. The strains CPFB26 and CPFB27, isolated from the Chinese hawthorn, yielded amplicons precisely matching the amplicons produced by the E. amylovora strain TS3128, isolated from a pear tree in 2016 (Park et al.). Extraction of total DNA from the two strains, employing the Wizard DNA prep kit (Promega, USA), was followed by PCR amplification using fD1 (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and Rp2 (5'-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3') primer sets, and the resultant products were sequenced to yield the partial 16S rRNA sequences (Weisburg et al. 1991). Sequences from the E. amylovora clade were confirmed as E. amylovora in a phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession no.). In accordance with the request, OP753569 and OP753570 are to be returned. BLASTN analysis indicated a remarkable similarity of 99.78% between the sequences of CPFB26 and CPFB27 and those of the E. amylovora strains TS3128, CFBP 1430, and ATCC 49946. To confirm the pathogenic properties of the isolated bacterial samples, 10 suspensions of bacteria (15 x 10^8 CFU per ml) were introduced intravenously into the second leaf of 3-month-old apple rootstock clones (Malus domestica cv). Six days of incubation at 28 degrees Celsius, under a 12-hour daily light cycle, were applied to the M29 samples. The stems and petioles displayed a fiery red, while the shoots succumbed to the blight's destructive power. The apple rootstocks, inoculated to determine the validity of Koch's postulates, were then used to isolate and grow colonies on TSA medium. The specific identity was subsequently confirmed by colony PCR using the amsB and A/B primer set, as described by Powney et al. (2011). The epidemiological significance of hawthorn as an alternate host for fire blight has been reported in the literature, specifically by van der Zwet et al. (2012). A study in Korea establishes fire blight caused by E. amylovora as a problem in Chinese hawthorn, a first-time finding. The Korean native range and prominent use of Chinese hawthorn as an ornamental plant (Jang et al., 2006) highlight the potential of early monitoring to inhibit the spread of fire blight through susceptible native vegetation in the study's findings.
The Thai cultivation of the giant philodendron (Philodendron giganteum Schott) has made it a highly valued ornamental houseplant, contributing substantially to the economy. This plant, affected by anthracnose disease, was observed at a nursery situated in Saraphi District, Chiang Mai Province (18°40'18″ N, 99°3'17″ E), Thailand, during the rainy season of July 2022. Approximately 800 meters was the extent of the investigated area. The incidence of the disease was estimated to exceed 15% based on the total count of 220 plants. The percentage of necrotic lesion on each plant leaf, a gauge of the disease severity, fell between 25% and 50% of the total leaf area. Leaf lesions, initially appearing as brown spots, gradually evolved into elongated, irregular, sunken, dark brown lesions ranging from 1 to 11 centimeters in length and 0.3 to 3.5 centimeters in width, each surrounded by a yellow halo. With the onset of the malady, the leaves gradually withered and ceased to exist. Leaf margins (5 mm × 5 mm), located between diseased and healthy plant regions, underwent surface sterilization in 1% sodium hypochlorite for one minute, 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, and three rinses in sterile distilled water. In the dark, at 25 degrees Celsius, potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used as a growth medium for the deposited tissues. Purification of pure fungal colonies, after three days of incubation, was accomplished through a single hyphal tip method on a PDA medium, based on the procedure described by Korhonen and Hintikka (1980). The procurement of two fungal isolates, exhibiting similar morphology, namely SDBR-CMU471 and SDBR-CMU472, was successful. Three days of incubation at 25°C on PDA resulted in white fungal colonies, characterized by a 38 to 40 mm diameter. A week later, the colonies transitioned into a grayish-white hue, featuring a cottony mycelial morphology. The reverse surface of the colonies exhibited a pale yellow pigmentation. The isolates both generated asexual structures within the PDA medium. The setae, a rich brown hue, displayed 1 to 3 septa and extended 50 to 110 by 24 to 40 m, with a cylindrical base tapering to an acuminate tip. Septate conidiophores, branching, were a pale brown to hyaline color. Conidiogenous cells exhibiting shapes varying from cylindrical to ampulliform, and colors from hyaline to pale brown, had lengths of 95 to 35 micrometers, based on a sample of 50 observations. Single-celled, straight, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical conidia with rounded ends and guttulate characteristics were observed, their dimensions ranging from 91 to 196 by 35 to 56 µm (n = 50). Appressoria, 5 to 10 micrometers by 5 to 75 micrometers in dimension, were smooth-walled and exhibited shapes ranging from oval to irregular and colors from brown to dark brown (n = 50). Morphologically, the fungal isolates demonstrated a close affinity to members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, as highlighted in the publications by Weir et al. (2012) and Jayawardena et al. (2021). The ribosomal DNA's internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, actin (act), -tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (CAL), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes were amplified using primer pairs ITS5/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), T1/T22 (O'Donnell and Cigelnik, 1997), CL1C/CL2C (Weir et al., 2012), and GDF1/GDR1 (Templeton et al., 1992), respectively. Sequences were submitted to GenBank, encompassing entries ITS OQ699280 and OQ699281, act OQ727122 and OQ727123, tub2 OQ727124 and OQ727125, CAL OQ727126 and OQ727127, and GAPDH OQ727128 and OQ727129. Applying maximum likelihood methods to a combined data set comprising ITS, GAPDH, CAL, act, and tub2 sequences, the phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the classification of both isolates as *C. siamense* with 100% confidence. During the pathogenicity test, leaves from healthy plants were surface sterilized using a 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 3 minutes and then rinsed three times with sterile, distilled water. The equator of each leaf, post air-drying, received a uniform wound (5 pores, 3 mm wide) using aseptic needles. Conidial suspensions were harvested from two-week-old cultures, then re-suspended in sterile distilled water with 0.05% Tween-20 added. The wounded, attached leaves were treated with fifteen microliters of the conidial suspension, containing one million conidia per milliliter. maternal infection Mock inoculation with sterile distilled water was applied to wounded control leaves. In order to assess the effect of each treatment, ten replications were performed, and the experiment was repeated twice. The inoculated plants were kept in a greenhouse that sustained a temperature between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius, and a relative humidity between 75 and 85 percent. After 14 days of observation, the inoculated leaves revealed the disease's symptoms, presenting as brown lesions accompanied by yellow halos, while the control leaves remained entirely free of symptoms. To demonstrate the validity of Koch's postulates, C. siamense was repeatedly isolated on PDA from the inoculated tissues. The fungal pathogen Colletotrichum siamense has been implicated in a broad spectrum of plant diseases across Thailand and internationally (Farr and Rossman 2021; Jayawardena et al. 2021). Earlier studies implicated C. endophytica, C. karsti, C. orchidearum, C. philodendricola, and C. pseudoboninense in causing anthracnose of philodendrons, as reported by Xue et al. (2020) and Zhang et al. (2023). A significant problem for giant philodendron (P.) is anthracnose, a disease resulting from the presence of Colletotrichum species. There is no mention of giganteum in any existing reports. Ultimately, we propose *C. siamense* as a novel etiological agent of anthracnose disease in giant philodendrons. The epidemiology and management of this disease can be further investigated based on the information contained in this study. nuclear medicine Further research is required in other Thai areas dedicated to philodendron cultivation to discover this pathogen.
Diosmetin-7-O-D-glucopyranoside, also known as Diosmetin-7-O-glucoside, is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside exhibiting potential therapeutic benefits for cardiovascular ailments. Cardiac fibrosis stands as the major pathological shift in the terminal phase of cardiovascular illnesses. Cardiac fibrosis progression is influenced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) through the Src signaling pathway. Undetermined is the specific influence that diosmetin-7-O-glucoside may have on EndMT and ER stress signaling in the context of cardiac fibrosis treatment. In this study, molecular docking experiments established that diosmetin-7-O-glucoside exhibited significant binding to protein markers implicated in the ER stress response and Src signaling. Diosmetin-7-O-glucoside, in the context of isoprenaline (ISO)-induced cardiac fibrosis, exhibited a noteworthy effect in suppressing EndMT and ER stress indicators in the mouse heart.