Venomous animal envenomation can induce substantial local complications, including pain, swelling, localized bleeding, and tissue death, alongside additional problems like skin tissue destruction, muscle tissue destruction, and potentially even limb loss. This systematic review critically analyzes scientific data regarding therapies focused on mitigating the local consequences of envenomation by poisonous creatures. In order to gather relevant literature, a search was conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases related to the topic. Procedures performed on local injuries following envenomation, as cited in the reviewed studies, formed the basis of the review, which aimed to establish the procedure as an adjuvant therapeutic strategy. Literature pertaining to local treatments following envenomation describes the use of multiple alternative methods and/or therapies. Snakes (8205%), insects (256%), spiders (256%), scorpions (256%), and other creatures like jellyfish, centipedes, and sea urchins (1026%) were among the venomous animals discovered during the search. In assessing the treatments, the use of tourniquets, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cryotherapy, in conjunction with the use of plants and oils, is viewed with skepticism. Low-intensity lasers are posited as a viable therapeutic option for these types of injuries. The progression of local complications can lead to serious conditions, including physical disabilities and sequelae. Information on adjuvant treatment strategies was synthesized in this study, highlighting the need for more rigorous scientific evidence to support recommendations targeting local effects alongside the antivenom.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), a proline-specific serine peptidase, has thus far seen limited investigation regarding its presence in venom compositions. The molecular structure and prospective functions of DPPIV, a significant venom constituent of the ant-like bethylid ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani, specifically SgVnDPPIV, are detailed in this report. The SgVnDPPIV gene, encoding a protein with the conserved catalytic triads and substrate binding sites of mammalian DPPIV, was cloned. High expression of the venom gene is a hallmark of the venom apparatus. SgVnDPPIV, produced through the baculovirus expression system in Sf9 cells, exhibits high enzymatic activity that can be effectively inhibited by vildagliptin and sitagliptin. Negative effect on immune response Detoxification, lipid synthesis and metabolism, stimulus response, and ion exchange genes in Tenebrio molitor pupae, a host envenomated by S. guani, were impacted by SgVnDPPIV, according to functional analysis. The current research investigates the involvement of venom DPPIV in the interaction dynamics of parasitoid wasps and their hosts.
During pregnancy, the ingestion of food toxins, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), could potentially harm the developing neurological system of the fetus. While animal research might offer valuable clues, the applicability of these findings to humans may be limited by species-specific differences, and human trials are therefore ethically inappropriate. An in vitro model of a human maternal-fetal multicellular system, composed of a human hepatic compartment, a bilayer placental barrier, and a human fetal central nervous system compartment generated from neural stem cells (NSCs), was designed to examine the effects of AFB1 on fetal-side NSCs. HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells acted as a model for AFB1's journey, mirroring the metabolic effects found in maternal systems. The AFB1 mixture, despite a low concentration (0.00641 µM) close to China's national safety standard (GB-2761-2011), caused apoptosis in neural stem cells after it crossed the placental barrier. Reactive oxygen species levels were considerably elevated in neural stem cells (NSCs), resulting in cellular membrane damage and the consequent release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase, as evidenced by p < 0.05. The comet assay and -H2AX immunofluorescence assay provided conclusive evidence that AFB1 significantly damaged NSC DNA (p<0.05). This study provided a new model for understanding the toxicological consequences of food mycotoxin exposure on fetal neurodevelopment during pregnancy.
Toxic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, are a result of Aspergillus species' production. Contaminants, found globally in both food and animal feed, pose a widespread concern. An increase in the occurrence of AFs is foreseen in Western Europe, due to the ongoing impacts of climate change. The development of sustainable technologies for reducing contamination in agricultural products is paramount for guaranteeing the safety of food and feed. With this in mind, the use of enzymatic degradation provides an efficient and eco-friendly option, achieving favorable results in mild operational settings while having little impact on the food and feed system. In vitro studies were conducted on Ery4 laccase, acetosyringone, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid, and the findings were then applied in artificially contaminated corn to determine AFB1 reduction efficiency. Corn exhibited a 26% reduction in AFB1 (0.01 g/mL) levels, compared to the complete elimination achieved in vitro. Various degradation products, as determined by UHPLC-HRMS in vitro testing, were likely AFQ1, epi-AFQ1, AFB1-diol, AFB1-dialdehyde, AFB2a, and AFM1. The enzymatic procedure left protein levels unaltered, yet a small increase in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide concentrations was noted. Though future studies are required to enhance AFB1 reduction methods and limit the treatment's effect on corn, the current study's outcomes are promising, showcasing Ery4 laccase's potential to effectively lower AFB1 levels in corn.
Myanmar is home to the medically important venomous snake, the Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis). The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) potentially enables the exploration of the multifaceted nature of venom, leading to a more profound understanding of snakebite pathogenesis and the possibility of novel drug development. The Trinity software was used for de novo assembly of mRNA extracted from venom gland tissue, following sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq platform. Using the Venomix pipeline, the candidate toxin genes were discovered. Clustal Omega was employed to assess positional homology in the protein sequences of identified toxin candidates, compared against previously documented venom proteins. The venom transcripts of candidate organisms were sorted into 23 toxin gene families, yielding 53 distinct complete transcript sequences. Among the expressed proteins, C-type lectins (CTLs) were most abundant, then Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, disintegrins, and finally Bradykinin potentiating peptide/C-type natriuretic peptide (BPP-CNP) precursors. The transcriptome profiles exhibited a lack of representation for the following proteins: phospholipase A2, snake venom serine proteases, metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factors, L-amino acid oxidases, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins. Several novel transcript isoforms, previously unobserved in this species, were identified and documented. Transcriptome profiles within the venom glands of Myanmar Russell's vipers displayed notable sex-specific variations, which were demonstrably associated with the clinical presentation of envenoming. Our investigation using NGS reveals that this method is valuable in providing a complete picture of understudied venomous snakes.
Given its substantial nutritional content, chili is a food susceptible to contamination by the Aspergillus flavus (A.) fungus. Field, transportation, and storage procedures all demonstrated the presence of flavus. This investigation sought to resolve the contamination of dried red chilies stemming from Aspergillus flavus by curbing its growth and neutralizing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This investigation focused upon Bacillus subtilis E11 (B. subtilis E11). The strongest antifungal ability was observed in Bacillus subtilis, one of the 63 candidate antagonistic bacteria screened, resulting in a 64.27% inhibition of A. flavus and a 81.34% reduction in aflatoxin B1 levels after 24 hours. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the resistance of B. subtilis E11 cells to elevated concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and the fermentation supernatant of B. subtilis E11 induced structural modifications in the mycelium of Aspergillus flavus. After ten days of coculture between Bacillus subtilis E11 and Aspergillus flavus on dried red chili, the Aspergillus flavus mycelium was virtually suppressed, and aflatoxin B1 production was substantially reduced. Employing Bacillus subtilis as a biocontrol agent for dried red chili peppers was our initial focus, seeking to augment microbial resources for Aspergillus flavus control and offer a theoretical basis for improving the shelf life of this product.
Bioactive compounds originating from plants are increasingly being investigated as a promising strategy to address aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detoxification. This research explored how cooking garlic, ginger, cardamom, and black cumin affects the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and AFB1 detoxification in spice mix red pepper powder (berbere), particularly during sauteing. Employing standard methods for food and food additive evaluation, the detoxification efficacy of the samples against AFB1 was investigated. These prominent spices exhibited an AFB1 concentration below the detectable limit. intensity bioassay After 7 minutes of cooking in water heated to 85 degrees Celsius, the experimental and commercial red pepper spice mixtures demonstrated the highest levels of aflatoxin B1 detoxification—6213% and 6595%, respectively. Bismuthsubnitrate Consequently, combining various major spices to create a spice blend including red pepper powder exhibited a beneficial effect on the detoxification of AFB1 in both raw and cooked spice blends containing red pepper. A strong positive association was found between detoxification of AFB1 and the following: total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ion chelating capacity, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.005).